Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review 2018, 54(6): 933-960 | DOI: 10.13060/00380288.2018.54.6.436

Making a 'Resilient Santiago': Private Sector and Urban Governance in Chile

Katarína Svitková
Institute of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences,
Charles University, Prague

Resilience has become a policy and practical framework for addressing a range of threats from natural disasters and extreme weather events to political conflicts and terrorism. Focusing on the context of cities, this paper offers a conceptualisation of urban resilience, critically interrogating its use for urban governance and the political implications it has for individual agency. The paper also seeks to contribute to the existing critical literature on urban resilience. The second part of the paper focuses on the Rockefeller Foundation's 100 Resilient Cities programme as implemented in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile. Empirical data obtained through fieldwork and interviews with representatives of the public sector and civil society suggest that while creating an illusion of inclusiveness and empowerment, the 'resilience approach' has largely ignored the structural conditions of extreme social and spatial inequality in Santiago. Local political realities and private sector interests play an important part in this equation. The case study points to a general tendency to treat city resilience as a technical question, thereby downplaying its deeply political nature. It highlights the disconnection between the topography of risk on the one side and technological interventions on the other.

Klíčová slova: cities, resilience, security, governance, Rockefeller, technology, Santiago

Zveřejněno: 1. prosinec 2018  Zobrazit citaci

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Svitková, K. (2018). Making a 'Resilient Santiago': Private Sector and Urban Governance in Chile. Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review, 54(6), 933-960. doi: 10.13060/00380288.2018.54.6.436
Sdílet...
Stáhnout citaci
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Zobrazit celý článek

    Reference

    1. Alexander, D. 2013. 'Resilience and Disaster Risk Reduction: An Etymological Journey.' Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences. 13: 2707-2716, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2707-2013. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    2. Beck, U. 1992. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: SAGE Publications.
    3. Beilin, R. and C. Wilkinson. 2015. 'Introduction: Governing for Urban Resilience.' Urban Studies 52 (7): 1205-1217, https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015574955. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    4. Booher, D. and J. Innes. 2010. 'Governance for Resilience: CALFED as a Complex Adaptive Network for Resource Management.' Ecology and Society 15 (3): article 35, https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03404-150335. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    5. Bourbeau, P. 2017. 'Resilience, Security and World Politics.' Pp. 26-37 in The Routledge Handbook of International Resilience, edited by D. Chandler and J. Coaffee. New York: Routledge.
    6. Campbell, H. 2004. 'Cities and the Future: Resurgence and Resilience?' Planning Theory & Practice. 5 (3): 369-371, https://doi.org/10.1080/1464935042000257332. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    7. Chen, J., T. H. Yun Chen, I. Vertinsky, L. Yumagulova and C. Park. 2013. 'Public-Private Partnerships for the Development of Disaster Resilient Communities.' Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 21 (3): 130-143, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12021. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    8. Coaffee, J. 2003. 'Recasting the "Ring of Steel": Designing out Terrorism in the City of London?' Pp. 276 - 296 in Cities, War and Terrorism: Towards Urban Geopolitics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    9. Coaffee, J. 2009. Terrorism, Risk and the Global City. Towards Urban Resilience. Burlington: Ashgate.
    10. Coaffee, J. and P. Fussey. 2015. 'Constructing Resilience through Security and Surveillance: The Politics, Practices and Tensions of Security-Driven Resilience.' Security Dialogue 46 (1): 86-105, https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010614557884. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    11. Coaffee, J., D. M. Wood and P. Rogers. 2009. The Everyday Resilience of the City: How Cities Respond to Terrorism and Disaster. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230583337. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    12. Consejo Nacional de Innovacion para el Desarollo (CNID). 2016. Hacia un Chile Resiliente Frente a Desastres: Una Oportunidad. Santiago: CNID.
    13. Cook, I. and E. Swyngedouw. 2012. 'Cities, Social Cohesion and the Environment. Towards a Future Research Agenda.' Urban Studies 49 (9): 1959-1979, https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098012444887. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    14. DeVerteuil, G. and O. Golubchikov. 2016. 'Can Resilience Be Redeemed?' City 20 (1): 143-151, https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2015.1125714. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    15. El Desconcierto. 2017. 'El mapa que muestra como se distribuye la brutal desigualdad en Santiago. Online El Desconcierto.' Retrieved 4 April 2017 (http://www.eldesconcierto.cl/2017/04/04/el-mapa-que-muestra-como-sedistribuye-la-brutal-desigualdad-en-santiago).
    16. Friend, R. and M. Moench. 2013. 'What Is the Purpose of Urban Climate Resilience? Implications for Addressing Poverty and Inequality.' Urban Climate 6: 89-113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2013.09.002. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    17. Fuentes, L., O. Mac-Clure, C. Moya and C. Olivos. 2017. 'Santiago de Chile. Ciudad de ciudades? Desigualdades sociales en zonas de mercado laboral local.' Revista de CEPAL 121: 93-109, https://doi.org/10.18356/ed9f7bc0-es. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    18. Gleeson, B. 2015. The Urban Condition. New York: Routledge. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    19. Gobierno de Chile. 2002. Plan Nacional de Proteccion Civil. Decree 156/2002. Retrieved 17 November 2018 (http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=199115).
    20. Gobierno de Chile. 2011. Regiones, Provincias y Comunas de Chile. Subsecretaria de Desarrollo Regional y Administrativo. Retrieved 17 November 2018 (http://www.subdere.gov.cl/documentacion/regiones-provincias-y-comunas-de-chile).
    21. Gobierno de Chile. 2016. Informe de Desarrollo Social 2016. Ministerio de Desarrollo Social. Retrieved 17 November 2018 (http://www.ministeriodesarrollosocial.gob.cl/pdf/upload/Informe_de_Desarrollo_Social_2016.pdf).
    22. Hallegatte, S., A. Vogt-Schilb, M. Bangalore and J. Rozenberg. 2016. Unbreakable: Building the Resilience of the Poor in the Face of Natural Disasters. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    23. Harvey, D. 2008. 'The Right to the City.' New Left Review. 53: 23-40. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    24. Hooling, C. S. 1973. 'Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems.' Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4: 1-23, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    25. Jacobs, B. 2005. 'Urban Vulnerability: Public Management in a Changing World.' Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 13 (2): 39-43, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2005.00454.x. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    26. Joseph, J. 2013. 'Resilience as Embedded Neoliberalism: A Governmentality Approach.' Resilience: International Policies, Practices and Discourses 1 (1): 38-52, https://doi.org/10.1080/21693293.2013.765741. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    27. LA Network Editors. 2018. Claudio Orrego: La politica en la sangre. LA Network. 4. February. Retrieved 30 November (http://la.network/claudio-orrego-politica-la-sangre).
    28. Lewis, D. and J. Mioch. 2005. 'Urban Vulnerability and Good Governance.' Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 13 (2): 50-53, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5973.2005.00456.x. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    29. Lyon, D. 2003. Surveillance after September 11. Oxford: Polity.
    30. Mendez-Ramirez, O. 2013. 'Neoliberalismo y equidad: la sociedad chilena analizada desde una perspectiva estudiantil.' Revista Iberoamericana de Educacion Superior 4 (11): 3-25. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    31. Metzger, P. and J. Robert. 2013. 'Elementos de reflexión sobre la resiliencia urbana: Usos criticables y aportes potenciales.' Territorios 28: 21-40.
    32. Mitchell, K. and K. Beckett. 2008. 'Securing the Global City: Crime, Consulting, Risk, and Ratings in the Production of Urban Space'. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 15 (1): 75-99, https://doi.org/10.2979/gls.2008.15.1.75. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    33. Olsson, L., A. Jerneck, H. Thoren, J. Persson and D. O'Byrne. 2017. 'A Social Science Perspective on Resilience.' Pp. 49-62 in The Routledge Handbook of International Resilience, edited by D. Chandler and J. Coaffee. New York: Routledge.
    34. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 2015. Chile: Policy Priorities for Stronger and More Equitable Growth. OECD, September 2015. Retrieved 15 November (https://www.oecd.org/chile/chile-policy-priorities-for-stronger-andmore-equitable-growth.pdf).
    35. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Undated. 'Resilient Cities. Regional Development.' Retrieved 17 November 2018 (http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/resilient-cities.htm).
    36. Pelling, M. 2003. Vulnerability of Cities: Natural Disasters and Social Resilience. London: Earthscan.
    37. Pérez, N. 2015. 'Fundacion elige a Santiago como una "Ciudad resiliente".' Diario Libre, 1. July. Retrieved 20 Novermber 2018 (https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/fundacin-elige-a-santiago-como-una-ciudad-resiliente-FBDL1219581).
    38. PES 2020. 2015. 'Fundacion Rockefeller Selecciona a Santiago de los Caballeros como Ganador del Desafio 100 Ciudades Resilientes.' Plan Estrategico Santiago 2020. Retrieved 20 Noember 2018 (http://pesantiago.org/fundacion-rockefeller-seleccionasantiago-de-los-caballeros-como-ganador-del-desafio-100-ciudades-resilientes).
    39. Prior, T. and J. Hagmann, J. 2013. 'Measuring Resilience: Methodological and Political Challenges of a Trend Security Concept.' Journal of Risk Research 17 (3): 281-298, https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2013.808686. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    40. Resilient Cities, undated. 100 Resilient Cities Project website. Retrieved 30 November 2018 (http://www.100resilientcities.org).
    41. Rockefeller Foundation, 2017. Cities Taking Action. How the 100 RC Network Is Building Urban Resilience. Retrieved 30 November 2018 (http://100reilientcities.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/WEB_170720_Summit-report_100rc-1.pdf).
    42. Rockefeller Foundation. undated a). 'About Us.' Retrieved 18 November 2018 (https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us).
    43. Rockefeller Foundation. undated b). '100 Resilient Cities.' Retrieved 18 November 2018 (https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/our-work/initiatives/100-resilient-cities).
    44. Rogers, P. 2013. 'The Rigidity Trap in Global Resilience: Neoliberalisation Through Principles, Standards and Benchmarks.' Globalizations 10 (3): 383-395, https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2013.787834. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    45. Rogers, P. 2017. 'The Etymology and Genealogy of a Contested Concept.' Pp. 13-25 in The Routledge Handbook of International Resilience, edited by D. Chandler and J. Coaffee. New York: Routledge.
    46. Santiago Metropolitan Region (SMR). 2017. Santiago Humano & Resiliente. Estrategia de Resiliencia. Santiago: SMR.
    47. Schmidt, J. 2013. 'The Empirical Falsity of the Human Subject: New Materialism, Climate Change and the Shared Critique of Artifice.' Resilience: International Policies, Practices and Discourses 1 (3): 174-192, https://doi.org/10.1080/21693293.2013.837241. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    48. Schmidt, J. 2015. 'Intuitively Neoliberal? Towards a Critical Understanding of Resilience Governance.' European Journal of International Relations 21 (2): 402-426, https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066114537533. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    49. Scholz, R., Y. Blumer and F. Brand. 2012. 'Risk, Vulnerability, Robustness, and Resilience from Decision-Theoretic Perspective.' Journal of Risk Research 15 (3): 313-330, https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2011.634522. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    50. Singer, N. 2012. 'Mission Control, Built for Cities: I.B.M. Takes "Smarter Cities" Concept to Rio de Janeiro.' New York Times Online, 3 March 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2018 (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/04/business/ibm-takes-smarter-cities-conceptto-rio-de-janeiro.html).
    51. Springer, S., K. Birch and J. McLeavy (eds). 2016. The Handbook of Neoliberalism. New York: Routledge, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315730660. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    52. UN-Habitat. 2007. Global Report on Human Settlements. Enhancing Urban Safety and Security. London: Earthscan.
    53. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. 2005. Marco de Accion de Hyogo para 2005-2015. Aumento de la resiliencia de las naciones y las comunidades ante los desastres. Hyogo: UNISDR.
    54. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. 2015. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. Sendai: UNISDR.
    55. Uribe, B. 2014. 'Arquitectos Chilenos en Harvard logran poner a Santiago entre 100 ciudades resilientes.' Plataforma Arquitectura, 6 December. Retrieved 30 November 2018 (https://www.plataformaarquitectura.cl/cl/758653/arquitectos-chilenos-en-harvardlogran-poner-a-santiago-entre-100-ciudades-resilientes).
    56. Vale, L. J. 2014. 'The Politics of Resilient Cities. Whose Resilience and Whose City?' Building Research & Information 42 (2): 191-201, https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2014.850602. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    57. Vale, L. J. and T. J. Campanella. 2005. The Resilient City: How Modern Cities Recover from Disaster. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    58. Walker, B. and D. Salt. 2006. Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World. London: Island Press.
    59. Walker, J. and M. Cooper. 2011. 'Genealogies of Resilience: From Systems Ecology to the Political Economy of Crisis Adaptation.' Security Dialogue 42 (2): 143-160, https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010611399616. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    60. Zebrowski, C. 2013. 'The Nature of Resilience.' Resilience: International Policies, Practices and Discourses 1 (3): 159-173, https://doi.org/10.1080/21693293.2013.804672. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    61. Interviews
    62. Castillo, G., Advisor to the Ministry of Defence of Chile and to SeCRO. Interview, 14 November 2016, Ministry of Defence, Santiago, Chile.
    63. Castro, C.P., Associate Professor, University of Chile. Interview, 18 November 2016, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
    64. CIGIDEN researcher. Interview, 28 November 2016, PUC Campus San Joaquin, Santiago, Chile.
    65. Fernandez, M., Senior Coordinator of City Resilience Profiling Programme. Interview, 10 October 2016, Avenida Diagonal, Barcelona, Spain.
    66. Johnson, A., Resilience and Recovery Manager, City and County of San Francisco. Interview, 23 September 2015, Hotel Congressi, Rome, Italy.
    67. NGO representative. Interview, 28 November 2016, San Diego, Santiago, Chile.
    68. ONEMI official. Interview, 28 November 2016, Pontifica Universidad Catolica Campus San Joaquin, Santiago, Chile.
    69. Ottelini, P., former San Francisco Chief Resilience Officer, City and County of San Francisco. Interview, 9 June 2016, City Hall of San Francisco, CA, USA.
    70. Parra, A., UN Development Program for Latin America. Public lecture, 18 November 2016, PUC Campus Alameda, Centro de Extension, Santiago, Chile.
    71. PUC university professor. Interview, 28 November 2016, Pontifica Universidad Catolica Campus San Joaquin, Santiago, Chile.
    72. Rivera, F., CIGIDEN researcher. Interview, 25 November 2016, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.
    73. Robertson, C., Executive Director of 100 Resilient Cities Santiago. Interview, 23 November 2016, Santiago Metropolitan Region Government-Intendencia, Santiago, Chile.
    74. Santiago commune official. Interview, 16 November 2016, Civil Protection Department, Comuna de Santiago, Plaza de Armas, Santiago, Chile.
    75. Sarmiento, J.P., Florida International University. Interview, 18 November 2016, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
    76. Simbieda, W.J., Professor of City and Regional Planning, California Polytechnic State University. Interview, 29 November 2016, Providencia, Santiago de Chile.

    Tento článek je publikován v režimu tzv. otevřeného přístupu k vědeckým informacím (Open Access), který je distribuován pod licencí Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), která umožňuje nekomerční distribuci, reprodukci a změny, pokud je původní dílo řádně ocitováno. Není povolena distribuce, reprodukce nebo změna, která není v souladu s podmínkami této licence.


    Zpět na obsah