Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review 2011, 47(6): 1119-1150 | DOI: 10.13060/00380288.2011.47.6.02

The Perception and Construction of Sexual Harassment by Czech University Students

Marta Vohlídalová
Institute of Sociology AS CR, Prague

Abstract: The individual perception of sexual harassment and the gap between the individual and legal-institutional defi nitions of sexual harassment has been subject to intense scientific scrutiny as this is considered to be one of the reasons for the failure of anti-harassment policies. This article focuses on perceptions and constructions of sexual harassment by students and the gap between students' individual definitions and expert (mainly legislative) definitions of sexual harassment. The article centres on two main research questions: (1) how do students perceive sexual harassment (whether they construct sexual harassment as something they might encounter in everyday university life) and (2) what are the factors and dimensions that contribute to particular behaviour being labelled as sexual harassment? The study is based primarily on qualitative in-depth interviews with students, which are complemented by quantitative questionnaire data from a survey conducted between 2008 and 2009 at a Prague university. The analysis shows that even if sexual harassment by professors is not an uncommon phenomenon among students, it is constructed as a remote problem which students perceive as something that does not relate to them. Although students do not label their experience of sexist and sexualised behaviour as sexual harassment, the analysis reveals certain factors which result in the labelling of certain behaviour as sexual harassment.
The most signifi cant among these factors were the explicit nature of
sexual harassment, power imbalance, situational context and the violation of individual boundaries.

Klíčová slova: sexual harassment, higher education, anti-harassment policy, Czech Republic

Zveřejněno: 1. prosinec 2011  Zobrazit citaci

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Vohlídalová, M. (2011). The Perception and Construction of Sexual Harassment by Czech University Students. Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review, 47(6), 1119-1150. doi: 10.13060/00380288.2011.47.6.02
Sdílet...
Stáhnout citaci
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Zobrazit celý článek

    Reference

    1. Anderson, E. 2006. 'Recent Thinking about Sexual Harassment: A Review Essay.' Philosophy & Public Affairs 34 (3): 284-312. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    2. Bacchi, C. 2000. 'Policy as Discourse. What Does It Mean? Where Does It Get Us?' Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 21 (1): 45-57. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    3. Basson, M. and C. Botha. 2010. 'Towards Meaning: Symbolic Interactionism and Workplace Bullying.' Paper presented at the 2nd Global Conference on Bullying and the Abuse of Power, Prague, Czech Republic, 8-10 November. Retrieved 26 May 2011 (http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/mbassonpaper. pdf).
    4. Benson, D. J. and G. Thompson. 1982. 'Sexual Harassment on a University Campus: The Confluence of Authority Relations. Sexual Interests and Gender Stratification.' Social Problems 29: 236-251. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    5. Berger, P. L. and T. Luckmann. 1999. Sociální konstrukce reality. Pojednání o sociologii vědění. (The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise on the Sociology of Knowledge) Brno: Centrum pro studium demokracie a kultury.
    6. Biaggio, M. and A. Brownell. 1996. 'Addressing Sexual Harassment: Strategies for Prevention and Change.' Pp. 215-234 in Sexual Harassment on College Campuses. Abusing the Ivory Power, edited by M. A. Paludi. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
    7. Blumer, H. 1971. 'Social Problems as Collective Behavior.' Social Problems 18: 266-282. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    8. Bursik, K. 1992. 'Perceptions of Sexual Harassment in an Academic Context.' Sex Roles 27 (7/8): 401-412. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    9. Cairns, K. V. 1997. 'Femininity and Women's Silence in Response to Sexual Harassment and Coercion.' Pp. 50-90 in Sexual Harassment. Contemporary Feminist Perspectives, edited by A. M. Thomas and C. Kitzinger. Buckingham: Open University Press.
    10. Čermáková, M. 1997. 'Postavení žen na trhu práce.' (The Position of Women in the Labour Market) Sociologický časopis 33 (4): 389-404. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    11. Charmaz, K. 2003. 'Grounded Theory: Objectivist and Constructivist Methods.' Pp. 509-536 in Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln. London: Sage.
    12. Charmaz, K. 2006. Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis. London: Sage.
    13. Cleveland, J. N. and M. E. Kerst. 1993. 'Sexual Harassment and Perceptions of Power: An Under-articulated Relationship.' Journal of Vocational Behavior 42: 49-67. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    14. Cohen, A. G. and B. Gutek. 1985. 'Dimensions of Perceptions of Social-sexual Behavior in a Work Setting.' Sex Roles 13 (5-6): 317-327. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    15. Coltrane, S. and M. Adams. 2003. 'The Social Construction of the Divorce "Problem": Morality, Child Victims, and the Politics of Gender.' Family Relations 52 (4): 363-372. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    16. Cortina, L. M. 2001. 'Assessing Sexual Harassment among Latinas: Development of an Instrument.' Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 7 (2): 164-181. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    17. Crocker, P. L. 1983. 'An Analysis of University Definitions of Sexual Harassment.' Signs 8 (4): 696-707. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    18. Crompton, R. and F. Harris. 1998. 'Explaining Women's Employment Patterns: "Orientations to Work" Revised.' British Journal of Sociology 49 (1): 118-136. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    19. Dougherty, T. W., D. B. Turban, D. E. Olson, P. D. Dwyer and M. W. Lapreze. 1996. 'Factors Affecting Perceptions of Workplace Sexual Harassment.' Journal of Organizational Behavior 17 (5): 489-501. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    20. Dziech, B. W. and L. Weiner. 1984. The Lecherous Professor. Sexual Harassment on Campus. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
    21. Eyre, L. 2000. 'The Discursive Framing of Sexual Harassment in a University Community.' Gender and Education 12 (3): 293-307. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    22. Fitzgerald, L. F. 1993. 'Sexual Harassment: Violence against Women in the Workplace.' American Psychologist 48 (10): 1070-1076. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    23. Fitzgerald, L. F. 1996. 'Sexual Harassment: The Definition and Measurement of a Construct.' Pp. 25-47 in Sexual Harassment on College Campuses. Abusing the Ivory Power, edited by M. A. Paludi. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
    24. Fitzgerald, L. F. and A. J. Ormerod. 1991. 'Perceptions of Sexual Harassment. The Influence of Gender and Academic Context.' Psychology of Women Quarterly 15: 281-294. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    25. Fitzgerald, L. F., S. Shullman, N. Bailey, M. Richards, J. Swecker, Y. Gold, M. Ormerod and L. Weitzman. 1988. 'The Incidence and Dimensions of Sexual Harassment in Academia and the Workplace.' Journal of Vocational Behavior 32: 152-175. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    26. Gergen, K. J. 1999. An Invitation to Social Construction. London: Sage.
    27. Giuffre, P. A., C. L. Williams. 1994. 'Labelling Sexual Harassment in Restaurants.' Gender and Society 8 (3): 378-401. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    28. Glaser, B. G. and A. L. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Strategies for Qualitative Research. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    29. Gutek, B. A., R. O. Murphy and B. Douma. 2004. 'A Review and Critique of the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ).' Law and Human Behavior 28 (4): 457-482. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    30. Gruber, J. E. 1992. 'A Typology of Personal and Environmental Sexual Harassment: Research and Policy Implication for the 1990s.' Sex Roles 26 (11/12): 447-464. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    31. Gubrium, J. F. and J. H. Holstein. 2003. 'Analyzing Interpretative Practice.' Pp. 487- 508 in Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln. 2nd edition. London: Sage.
    32. Havelková, H. 1993. 'Patriarchy in the Czech Society.' Hypathia 8 (4): 89-96. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    33. Herbert, C. 1997. 'Off with the Velvet Gloves.' Pp. 21-31 in Sexual Harassment. Contemporary Feminist Perspectives, edited by A. M. Thomas and C. Kitzinger. Buckingham: Open University Press.
    34. Hill, C. and E. Silva. 2005. Drawing the Line: Sexual Harassment on Campus. Washington, DC: American Association of University Women (AAUW) Educational Foundation.
    35. Huerta, M. L., M. Cortina, J. S. Pang, C. M. Torges and V. J. Magley. 2006. 'Sex and Power in the Academy: Modeling Sexual Harassment in the Lives of College Women.' Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 32 (5): 616-628. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    36. Jensen, I. W. and B. A. Gutek. 1982. 'Attributions and Assignment of Responsibility in Sexual Harassment.' Journal of Social Issues 38 (4): 121-136. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    37. Kalof, L., K. Eby, J. L. Matheson and R. J. Kroska. 2001. 'The Influence of Race and Gender on Student Self-Reports of Sexual Harassment by College Professors.' Gender and Society 15 (2): 282-302. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    38. Kaufmann, J. C. 2006. L'entretien compréhensif. Paris: Armand Colin.
    39. Kelley, M. L. and B. Parsons. 2000. 'Sexual Harassment in the 1990s: A University-Wide Survey of Female Faculty, Administrators, Staff, and Students.' The Journal of Higher Education 71 (5): 548-568. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    40. Knapp, D. E., R. H. Faley, S. E. Ekeberg and C. L. Dubois. 1997. 'Determinants of Target Responses to Sexual Harassment: A Conceptual Framework.' The Academy of Management Review 22 (3): 687-729. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    41. Křížková, A., H. Maříková and Z. Uhde (eds.). 2006. Sexualizovaná realita pracovních vztahů. Analýza sexuálního obtěžování v České republice. (The Sexualised Reality of Work Relations: An Analysis of Sexual Harassment in the Czech Republic) Prague: Sociologický ústav AV ČR, v.v.i..
    42. Křížková, A., A. M. Penner and T. Peterson. 2010. 'The Legacy of Equality and the Weakness of Law: Within-job Gender Wage Inequality in the Czech Republic.' European Sociological Review 26 (1): 83-95. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    43. Křížková, A. and M. Vohlídalová. 2009. 'Rodiče na trhu práce: Mezi prací a péčí.' (Parents in the Labour Market: Between Work and Care) Sociologický časopis/Czech Sociological Review 45 (1): 31-60. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    44. Larsson, C., G. Hensing and P. Allebeck. 2003. 'Sexual and Gender-related Harassment in Medical Education and Research Training: Results from a Swedish Survey.' Medical Education 37: 39-50. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    45. Law, J. 2004. Matter-ing: Or How Might STS Contribute? Lancaster: Centre for Science Studies, Lancaster University. Retrieved 28 October 2011 (http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/sociology/papers/law-matter-ing.pdf).
    46. Law, J. and J. Urry. 2005. 'Enacting the Social.' Economy and Society 33 (3): 390-410. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    47. Lee, D. 2001. '"He Didn't Sexually Harass Me, as in Harassed for Sex... He Was Just Horrible": Women's Definitions of Unwanted Male Sexual Conduct at Work.' Women's Studies International Forum 24 (1): 25-38. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    48. MacKinnon, C. 1979. Sexual Harassment of Working Women. A Case of Sex Discrimination. New Haven, NJ, and London: Yale University Press.
    49. Merton, R. K. 2000. Studie ze sociologické teorie. (Studies in Sociological Theory) Prague: Sociologické nakladatelství.
    50. Mott, H. and S. Condor. 1997. 'Sexual Harassment and the Working Lives of Secretaries.' Pp. 49-90 in Sexual Harassment. Contemporary Feminist Perspectives, edited by A. M. Thomas and C. Kitzinger. Buckingham: Open University Press.
    51. Nicolson, P. 1997. 'Gender Inequality, Sexual Harassment and the Toxic Organization: The Case of Medical Women.' Pp. 32-48 in Sexual Harassment. Contemporary Feminist Perspectives, edited by A. M. Thomas and C. Kitzinger. Buckingham: Open University Press.
    52. Paludi, M. A. (ed.). 1996. Sexual Harassment on College Campuses. Abusing the Ivory Power. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
    53. Potter, J. 1996. Representing Reality. London: Sage.
    54. Powell, G. N. 1986. 'Effect of Sex Role Identity and Sex on Definitions of Sexual Harassment.' Sex Roles 14 (1/2): 9-19. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    55. Rabinowitz, V. C. 1996. 'Coping with Sexual Harassment.' Pp. 199-213 in Sexual Harassment on College Campuses. Abusing the Ivory Power, edited by M. A. Paludi. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
    56. Reilly, T., S. Carpenter, V. Dull and K. Bartlett. 1982. 'The Factorial Survey: An Approach to Defining Sexual Harassment on Campus.' Journal of Social Issues 38 (4): 99-110. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    57. Report on Sexual Harassment in the Workplace in EU Member States. 2004. Dublin: Government of Ireland. Retrieved 26 May 2011 (http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/SexualHrrsmtRpt.pdf/Files/SexualHrrsmtRpt.pdf).
    58. Schneider, B. E. 1987. 'Graduate Women, Sexual Harassment, and University Policy.' The Journal of Higher Education 58 (1): 46-65. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    59. Schneider, J. W. 1985. 'Social Problems Theory: The Constructionist View.' Annual Review of Sociology 11 (August): 209-229. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    60. Schwandt, T. A. 2003. 'Three Epistemological Stances for Qualitative Inquiry: Interpretivism, Hermeneutics and Social Constructionism.' Pp. 189-214 in Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    61. Šiklová, J. 1997. 'Feminism and the Roots of Apathy in the Czech Republic.' Social Research 64 (2): 258-280.
    62. Skaine, R. (ed.). 1996. Power and Gender. Issues in Sexual Dominance and Harassment. Jefferson, NC, and London: McFarland & Company, Inc.
    63. Smetáčková, I. and P. Pavlík. 2011. 'Sexuální obtěžování na vysokých školách: teoretické vymezení, metodologický přístup a výzkumné výsledky.' (Sexual Harassment in Higher Education: Theoretical Definitions, Methodology, and Research Results) Sociologický časopis/Czech Sociological Review 47 (2): 361-386. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    64. Strauss, A. L. and J. Corbin. 1998. Basics of Qualitative Research Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. London: Sage.
    65. Tangri, S. S., M. R. Burt and L. B. Johnson. 1982. 'Sexual Harassment at Work: Three Explanatory Models.' Journal of Social Issues 38 (4): 33-54. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    66. Tenglerová, H. 2010. Postavení žen v české vědě a aktivity na jejich podporu. Monitorovací zpráva za rok 2009. (The Position of Women in Czech Science and Activities to Support Them: Monitoring Report for 2009) Prague: Sociologický ústav AV ČR, v.v.i.
    67. Thomas, A. M. 1997. 'Men Behaving Badly? A Psychosocial Exploration of the Cultural Context of Sexual Harassment.' Pp. 131-153 in Sexual Harassment. Contemporary Feminist Perspectives, edited by A. M. Thomas and C. Kitzinger. Buckingham: Open University Press.
    68. Thomas, A. M. and C. Kitzinger. 1997. 'Sexual Harassment: Reviewing the Field.' Pp. 1-18 in Sexual Harassment. Contemporary Feminist Perspectives, edited by A. M. Thomas and C. Kitzinger. Buckingham: Open University Press.
    69. Till, F. J. 1980. Sexual Harassment: A Report on the Sexual Harassment of Students. Washington, DC: National Advisory Council of Women's Educational Programs.
    70. Uggen, C. and A. Blackstone. 2004. 'Sexual Harassment as a Gendered Expression of Power.' American Sociological Review 69 (1): 64-92. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    71. Vohlídalová, M. 2009. 'Sexuální obtěžování na vysoké škole. V ČR neexistující problém?' (Sexual Harassment in Higher Education: A Non-existent Problem in the Czech Republic) Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum 10 (2): 20-29.
    72. Vohlídalová, M. 2010. 'Kde začíná sexuální obtěžování: definice očima studujících.' (The Line Where Sexual Harassment Begins: Definitions in the Eyes of Students) Pp. 25-31 in Sexuální obtěžování ve vysokoškolském prostředí. analýza, souvislosti, řešení, edited by M. Vohlídalová, K. Šaldová and B. Tupá. Prague: Sociologický ústav AV ČR, v.v.i.
    73. Wasti, S. A., M. E. Bergman, T. M. Glomb and F. Drasgow. 2000. 'Test of the Cross-cultural Generalizability of a Model of Sexual Harassment.' Journal of Applied Psychology 85 (5): 766-778. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    74. Weber-Burdin, E. and P. H. Rossi. 1982. 'Defining Sexual Harassment on Campus. A Replication and Extension.' Journal of Social Issues 38 (4): 111-120. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    75. Weiner, E. 2010. 'Morality, Biology and the Free Market: (De)Naturalizing the EU´s Gender Equality Agenda in the Czech Republic.' Women´s Studies International Forum 33 (1): 13-20. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    76. Welsh, S., J. Carr, B. MacQuarrie and A. Huntley. 2006. '"I'm Not Thinking of It as Sexual Harassment": Understanding Harassment across Race and Citizenship.' Gender and Society 20 (1): 87-107. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    77. Williams, E. A., J. A. Lam and M. Shively. 1992. 'The Impact of a University Policy on the Sexual Harassment of Female Students.' The Journal of Higher Education 63 (1): 50-64. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    78. Zippel, K. S. 2006. The Politics of Sexual Harassment: A Comparative Study of the United States, the European Union and Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...

    Tento článek je publikován v režimu tzv. otevřeného přístupu k vědeckým informacím (Open Access), který je distribuován pod licencí Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), která umožňuje nekomerční distribuci, reprodukci a změny, pokud je původní dílo řádně ocitováno. Není povolena distribuce, reprodukce nebo změna, která není v souladu s podmínkami této licence.


    Zpět na obsah